Chapter 21. Classical Printing Support
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## Chapter 21. Classical Printing Support

### Kurt Pfeifle

Danka Deutschland GmbH

`<kpfeifle@danka.de>`

### Gerald (Jerry) Carter

Samba Team

`<jerry@samba.org>`

### John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

`<jht@samba.org>`

May 31, 2003

## Features and Benefits

Printing is often a mission-critical service for the users. Samba can provide this service reliably and seamlessly for a client network consisting of Windows workstations.

A Samba print service may be run on a standalone or domain member server, side by side with file serving functions, or on a dedicated print server. It can be made as tightly or as loosely secured as needs dictate. Configurations may be simple or complex. Available authentication schemes are essentially the same as described for file services in previous chapters. Overall, Samba's printing support is now able to replace an NT or Windows 2000 print server full-square, with additional benefits in many cases. Clients may download and install drivers and printers through their familiar `Point'n'Print` mechanism. Printer installations executed by `Logon Scripts` are no problem. Administrators can upload and manage drivers to be used by clients through the familiar `Add Printer Wizard`. As an additional benefit, driver and printer management may be run from the command line or through scripts, making it more efficient in case of large numbers of printers. If a central accounting of print jobs (tracking every single page and supplying the raw data for all sorts of statistical reports) is required, this function is best supported by the newer Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) as the print subsystem underneath the Samba hood.

This chapter outlines the fundamentals of Samba printing as implemented by the more traditional UNIX BSD- and System V-style printing systems. Much of the information in this chapter applies also to CUPS. If you use CUPS, you may be tempted to jump to the next chapter, but you will certainly miss a few things if you do. For further information refer to CUPS Printing Support.

### Note

Most of the following examples have been verified on Windows XP Professional clients. Where this document describes the responses to commands given, bear in mind that Windows 200x/XP clients are quite similar but may differ in minor details. Windows NT4 is somewhat different again.

## Technical Introduction

Samba's printing support always relies on the installed print subsystem of the UNIX OS it runs on. Samba is a `middleman.` It takes print files from Windows (or other SMB) clients and passes them to the real printing system for further processing; therefore, it needs to communicate with both sides: the Windows print clients and the UNIX printing system. Hence, we must differentiate between the various client OS types, each of which behave differently, as well as the various UNIX print subsystems, which themselves have different features and are accessed differently.

This chapter deals with the traditional way of UNIX printing. The next chapter covers in great detail the more modern CUPS.

### Important

CUPS users, be warned: do not just jump on to the next chapter. You might miss important information only found here!

It is apparent from postings on the Samba mailing list that print configuration is one of the most problematic aspects of Samba administration today. Many new Samba administrators have the impression that Samba performs some sort of print processing. Rest assured, Samba does not perform any type of print processing. It does not do any form of print filtering.

Samba obtains from its clients a data stream (print job) that it spools to a local spool area. When the entire print job has been received, Samba invokes a local UNIX/Linux print command and passes the spooled file to it. It is up to the local system printing subsystems to correctly process the print job and to submit it to the printer.

### Client to Samba Print Job Processing

Successful printing from a Windows client via a Samba print server to a UNIX printer involves six (potentially seven) stages:

1. Windows opens a connection to the printer share.

2. Samba must authenticate the user.

3. Windows sends a copy of the print file over the network into Samba's spooling area.

4. Windows closes the connection.

5. Samba invokes the print command to hand the file over to the UNIX print subsystem's spooling area.

6. The UNIX print subsystem processes the print job.

7. The print file may need to be explicitly deleted from the Samba spooling area. This item depends on your print spooler configuration settings.

### Printing-Related Configuration Parameters

There are a number of configuration parameters to control Samba's printing behavior. Please refer to the man page for `smb.conf` for an overview of these. As with other parameters, there are global-level (tagged with a G in the listings) and service-level (S) parameters.

Global Parameters

  These may not go into individual share definitions. If they go in by error, the testparm utility can discover this (if you run it) and tell you so.

Service-Level Parameters

  These may be specified in the `[global]` section of `smb.conf`. In this case they define the default behavior of all individual or service-level shares (provided they do not have a different setting defined for the same parameter, thus overriding the global default).

## Simple Print Configuration

Simple Configuration with BSD Printing shows a simple printing configuration. If you compare this with your own, you may find additional parameters that have been preconfigured by your OS vendor. Following is a discussion and explanation of the parameters. This example does not use many parameters. However, in many environments these are enough to provide a valid `smb.conf` file that enables all clients to print.

Example 21.1. Simple Configuration with BSD Printing

`[global]`
`printing = bsd`
`load printers = yes`
`[printers]`
`path = /var/spool/samba`
`printable = yes`
`public = yes`
`writable = no`

This is only an example configuration. Samba assigns default values to all configuration parameters. The defaults are conservative and sensible. When a parameter is specified in the `smb.conf` file, this overwrites the default value. The testparm utility when run as root is capable of reporting all settings, both default as well as `smb.conf` file settings. Testparm gives warnings for all misconfigured settings. The complete output is easily 360 lines and more, so you may want to pipe it through a pager program.

The syntax for the configuration file is easy to grasp. You should know that is not very picky about its syntax. As has been explained elsewhere in this book, Samba tolerates some spelling errors (such as browseable instead of browsable), and spelling is case-insensitive. It is permissible to use `Yes/No` or `True/False` for Boolean settings. Lists of names may be separated by commas, spaces, or tabs.

### Verifying Configuration with testparm

To see all (or at least most) printing-related settings in Samba, including the implicitly used ones, try the command outlined below. This command greps for all occurrences of `lp`, `print`, `spool`, `driver`, `ports`, and `[` in testparm's output. This provides a convenient overview of the running smbd print configuration. This command does not show individually created printer shares or the spooling paths they may use. Here is the output of my Samba setup, with settings shown in the example above:

    root# testparm -s -v | egrep "(lp|print|spool|driver|ports|\[)"
     Load smb config files from /etc/samba/smb.conf
     Processing section "[homes]"
     Processing section "[printers]"

     [global]
            smb ports = 139 445
            lpq cache time = 10
            load printers = Yes
            printcap name = /etc/printcap
            disable spoolss = No
            enumports command =
            addprinter command =
            deleteprinter command =
            show add printer wizard = Yes
            os2 driver map =
            printer admin =
            min print space = 0
            max print jobs = 1000
            printable = No
            printing = bsd
            print command = lpr -r -P'%p' %s
            lpq command = lpq -P'%p'
            lprm command = lprm -P'%p' %j
            lppause command =
            lpresume command =
            printer name =
            use client driver = No

     [homes]

     [printers]
            path = /var/spool/samba
            printable = Yes

You can easily verify which settings were implicitly added by Samba's default behavior. Remember: it may be important in your future dealings with Samba.

### Note

The testparm in Samba-3 behaves differently from that in 2.2.x: used without the “-v” switch, it only shows you the settings actually written into! To see the complete configuration used, add the “-v” parameter to testparm.

### Rapid Configuration Validation

Should you need to troubleshoot at any stage, please always come back to this point first and verify if testparm shows the parameters you expect. To give you a warning from personal experience, try to just comment out the load printers parameter. If your 2.2.x system behaves like mine, you'll see this:

    root# grep "load printers" /etc/samba/smb.conf
            #  load printers = Yes
            # This setting is commented out!!

    root# testparm -v /etc/samba/smb.conf | egrep "(load printers)"
            load printers = Yes

I assumed that commenting out of this setting should prevent Samba from publishing my printers, but it still did. It took some time to figure out the reason. But I am no longer fooled ... at least not by this.

    root# grep -A1 "load printers" /etc/samba/smb.conf
            load printers = No
            # The above setting is what I want!
            #  load printers = Yes
            # This setting is commented out!

    root# testparm -s -v smb.conf.simpleprinting | egrep "(load printers)"
            load printers = No

Only when the parameter is explicitly set to load printers = No would Samba conform with my intentions. So, my strong advice is:

- Never rely on commented-out parameters.

- Always set parameters explicitly as you intend them to behave.

- Use testparm to uncover hidden settings that might not reflect your intentions.

The following is the most minimal configuration file:

    root# cat /etc/samba/smb.conf-minimal
            [printers]

This example should show that you can use testparm to test any Samba configuration file. Actually, we encourage you not to change your working system (unless you know exactly what you are doing). Don't rely on the assumption that changes will only take effect after you restart smbd! This is not the case. Samba rereads it every 60 seconds and on each new client connection. You might have to face changes for your production clients that you didn't intend to apply. You will now note a few more interesting things; testparm is useful to identify what the Samba print configuration would be if you used this minimalistic configuration. Here is what you can expect to find:

    root# testparm -v smb.conf-minimal | egrep "(print|lpq|spool|driver|ports|[)"
     Processing section "[printers]"
     WARNING: [printers] service MUST be printable!
     No path in service printers - using /tmp

            lpq cache time = 10
            load printers = Yes
            printcap name = /etc/printcap
            disable spoolss = No
            enumports command =
            addprinter command =
            deleteprinter command =
            show add printer wizard = Yes
            os2 driver map =
            printer admin =
            min print space = 0
            max print jobs = 1000
            printable = No
            printing = bsd
            print command = lpr -r -P%p %s
            lpq command = lpq -P%p
            printer name =
            use client driver = No

     [printers]
            printable = Yes

testparm issued two warnings:

- We did not specify the `[printers]` section as printable.

- We did not tell Samba which spool directory to use.

However, this was not fatal, and Samba will default to values that will work. Please, do not rely on this and do not use this example. This was included to encourage you to be careful to design and specify your setup to do precisely what you require. The outcome on your system may vary for some parameters given, since Samba may have been built with different compile-time options. Warning: do not put a comment sign at the end of a valid line. It will cause the parameter to be ignored (just as if you had put the comment sign at the front). At first I regarded this as a bug in my Samba versions. But the man page clearly says: `Internal whitespace in a parameter value is retained verbatim.` This means that a line consisting of, for example,

# This defines LPRng as the printing system
`printing = lprng`

will regard the whole of the string after the `=` sign as the value you want to define. This is an invalid value that will be ignored, and a default value will be used in its place.

## Extended Printing Configuration

Extended BSD Printing Configuration shows a more verbose configuration for print-related settings in a BSD-style printing environment. What follows is a discussion and explanation of the various parameters. We chose to use BSD-style printing here because it is still the most commonly used system on legacy UNIX/Linux installations. New installations predominantly use CUPS, which is discussed in a separate chapter. The example explicitly names many parameters that do not need to be specified because they are set by default. You could use a much leaner `smb.conf` file, or you can use testparm or SWAT to optimize the `smb.conf` file to remove all parameters that are set at default.

Example 21.2. Extended BSD Printing Configuration

`[global]`
`printing = bsd`
`load printers = yes`
`show add printer wizard = yes`
`printcap name = /etc/printcap`
`printer admin = @ntadmin, root`
`max print jobs = 100`
`lpq cache time = 20`
`use client driver = no`
`[printers]`
`comment = All Printers`
`printable = yes`
`path = /var/spool/samba`
`browseable = no`
`guest ok = yes`
`public = yes`
`read only = yes`
`writable = no`
`[my_printer_name]`
`comment = Printer with Restricted Access`
`path = /var/spool/samba_my_printer`
`printer admin = kurt`
`browseable = yes`
`printable = yes`
`writable = no`
`hosts allow = 0.0.0.0`
`hosts deny = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60`
`guest ok = no`

This is an example configuration. You may not find all the settings that are in the configuration file that was provided by the OS vendor. Samba configuration parameters, if not explicitly set, default to a sensible value. To see all settings, as `root` use the testparm utility. testparm gives warnings for misconfigured settings.

### Detailed Explanation Settings

The following is a discussion of the settings from Extended BSD Printing Configuration Extended BSD Printing Configuration.

#### The [global] Section

The `[global]` section is one of four special sections (along with `[homes]`, `[printers]`, and `[print$]`). The `[global]` contains all parameters that apply to the server as a whole. It is the place for parameters that have only a global meaning. It may also contain service-level parameters that define default settings for all other sections and shares. This way you can simplify the configuration and avoid setting the same value repeatedly. (Within each individual section or share, you may, however, override these globally set share settings and specify other values).

printing = bsd

  Causes Samba to use default print commands applicable for the BSD (also known as RFC 1179 style or LPR/LPD) printing system. In general, the `printing` parameter informs Samba about the print subsystem it should expect. Samba supports CUPS, LPD, LPRNG, SYSV, HPUX, AIX, QNX, and PLP. Each of these systems defaults to a different print command (and other queue control commands).

  ### Caution

  The printing parameter is normally a service-level parameter. Since it is included here in the `[global]` section, it will take effect for all printer shares that are not defined differently. Samba-3 no longer supports the SOFTQ printing system.

load printers = yes

  Tells Samba to create automatically all available printer shares. Available printer shares are discovered by scanning the printcap file. All created printer shares are also loaded for browsing. If you use this parameter, you do not need to specify separate shares for each printer. Each automatically created printer share will clone the configuration options found in the `[printers]` section. (The `load printers = no` setting will allow you to specify each UNIX printer you want to share separately, leaving out some you do not want to be publicly visible and available).

show add printer wizard = yes

  Setting is normally enabled by default (even if the parameter is not specified in `smb.conf`). It causes the Add Printer Wizard icon to appear in the Printers folder of the Samba host's share listing (as shown in Network Neighborhood or by the net view command). To disable it, you need to explicitly set it to `no` (commenting it out will not suffice). The `Add Printer Wizard` lets you upload a printer driver to the `[print$]` share and associate it with a printer (if the respective queue exists before the action), or exchange a printer's driver for any other previously uploaded driver.

max print jobs = 100

  Sets the upper limit to 100 print jobs being active on the Samba server at any one time. Should a client submit a job that exceeds this number, a "no more space available on server" type of error message will be returned by Samba to the client. A setting of zero (the default) means there is no limit at all.

printcap name = /etc/printcap

  Tells Samba where to look for a list of available printer names. Where CUPS is used, make sure that a printcap file is written. This is controlled by the `Printcap` directive in the `cupsd.conf` file.

printer admin = @ntadmin

  Members of the ntadmin group should be able to add drivers and set printer properties (`ntadmin` is only an example name; it needs to be a valid UNIX group name); root is implicitly always a printer admin. The `@` sign precedes group names in the `/etc/group`. A printer admin can do anything to printers via the remote administration interfaces offered by MS-RPC (see Printing Developments Since Samba-2.2). In larger installations, the printer admin parameter is normally a per-share parameter. This permits different groups to administer each printer share.

lpq cache time = 20

  Controls the cache time for the results of the lpq command. It prevents the lpq command being called too often and reduces the load on a heavily used print server.

use client driver = no

  If set to `yes`, only takes effect for Windows NT/200x/XP clients (and not for Win 95/98/ME). Its default value is `No` (or `False`). It must not be enabled on print shares (with a `yes` or `true` setting) that have valid drivers installed on the Samba server. For more detailed explanations, see the `smb.conf` man page.

#### The [printers] Section

The printers section is the second special section. If a section with this name appears in the `smb.conf`, users are able to connect to any printer specified in the Samba host's printcap file, because Samba on startup then creates a printer share for every printer name it finds in the printcap file. You could regard this section as a convenient shortcut to share all printers with minimal configuration. It is also a container for settings that should apply as default to all printers. (For more details, see the `smb.conf` man page.) Settings inside this container must be share-level parameters.

comment = All printers

  The comment is shown next to the share if a client queries the server, either via Network Neighborhood or with the net view command, to list available shares.

printable = yes

  The `[printers]` service must be declared as printable. If you specify otherwise, smbd will refuse to load at startup. This parameter allows connected clients to open, write to, and submit spool files into the directory specified with the path parameter for this service. It is used by Samba to differentiate printer shares from file shares.

path = /var/spool/samba

  Must point to a directory used by Samba to spool incoming print files. It must not be the same as the spool directory specified in the configuration of your UNIX print subsystem! The path typically points to a directory that is world writable, with the sticky bit set to it.

browseable = no

  Is always set to `no` if printable = yes. It makes the `[printer]` share itself invisible in the list of available shares in a net view command or in the Explorer browse list. (You will of course see the individual printers.)

guest ok = yes

  If this parameter is set to `yes`, no password is required to connect to the printer's service. Access will be granted with the privileges of the guest account. On many systems the guest account will map to a user named "nobody." This user will usually be found in the UNIX passwd file with an empty password, but with no valid UNIX login. On some systems the guest account might not have the privilege to be able to print. Test this by logging in as your guest user using su - guest and run a system print command like:

  `lpr -P printername /etc/motd`

public = yes

  Is a synonym for guest ok = yes. Since we have guest ok = yes, it really does not need to be here. (This leads to the interesting question, “What if I by accident have two contradictory settings for the same share?” The answer is that the last one encountered by Samba wins. testparm does not complain about different settings of the same parameter for the same share. You can test this by setting up multiple lines for the `guest account` parameter with different usernames, and then run testparm to see which one is actually used by Samba.)

read only = yes

  Normally (for other types of shares) prevents users from creating or modifying files in the service's directory. However, in a printable service, it is always allowed to write to the directory (if user privileges allow the connection), but only via print spooling operations. Normal write operations are not permitted.

writable = no

  Is a synonym for read only = yes.

#### Any [my_printer_name] Section

If a `[my_printer_name]` section appears in the `smb.conf` file, which includes the parameter printable = yes Samba will configure it as a printer share. Windows 9x/Me clients may have problems with connecting or loading printer drivers if the share name has more than eight characters. Do not name a printer share with a name that may conflict with an existing user or file share name. On client connection requests, Samba always tries to find file shares with that name first. If it finds one, it will connect to this and will not connect to a printer with the same name!

comment = Printer with Restricted Access

  The comment says it all.

path = /var/spool/samba_my_printer

  Sets the spooling area for this printer to a directory other than the default. It is not necessary to set it differently, but the option is available.

printer admin = kurt

  The printer admin definition is different for this explicitly defined printer share from the general `[printers]` share. It is not a requirement; we did it to show that it is possible.

browseable = yes

  This makes the printer browseable so the clients may conveniently find it when browsing the Network Neighborhood.

printable = yes

  See Section 20.4.1.2.

writable = no

  See Section 20.4.1.2.

hosts allow = 10.160.50.,10.160.51.

  Here we exercise a certain degree of access control by using the hosts allow and hosts deny parameters. This is not by any means a safe bet. It is not a way to secure your printers. This line accepts all clients from a certain subnet in a first evaluation of access control.

hosts deny = turbo_xp,10.160.50.23,10.160.51.60

  All listed hosts are not allowed here (even if they belong to the allowed subnets). As you can see, you could name IP addresses as well as NetBIOS hostnames here.

guest ok = no

  This printer is not open for the guest account.

#### Print Commands

In each section defining a printer (or in the `[printers]` section), a `print command` parameter may be defined. It sets a command to process the files that have been placed into the Samba print spool directory for that printer. (That spool directory was, if you remember, set up with the path parameter). Typically, this command will submit the spool file to the Samba host's print subsystem, using the suitable system print command. But there is no requirement that this needs to be the case. For debugging or some other reason, you may want to do something completely different than print the file. An example is a command that just copies the print file to a temporary location for further investigation when you need to debug printing. If you craft your own print commands (or even develop print command shell scripts), make sure you pay attention to the need to remove the files from the Samba spool directory. Otherwise, your hard disk may soon suffer from shortage of free space.

#### Default UNIX System Printing Commands

You learned earlier that Samba, in most cases, uses its built-in settings for many parameters if it cannot find an explicitly stated one in its configuration file. The same is true for the print command. The default print command varies depending on the printing parameter setting. In the commands listed in Default Printing Settings , you will notice some parameters of the form %X where X is p, s, J, and so on. These letters stand for printer name, spool file, and job ID, respectively. They are explained in more detail in Default Printing Settings presents an overview of key printing options but excludes the special case of CUPS, is discussed in CUPS Printing Support.

Table 21.1. Default Printing Settings

Setting | Default Printing Commands
--- | ---
printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp | print command is lpr -r -P%p %s
printing = sysv|hpux | print command is lp -c -P%p %s; rm %s
printing = qnx | print command is lp -r -P%p -s %s
printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp | lpq command is lpq -P%p
printing = sysv|hpux | lpq command is lpstat -o%p
printing = qnx | lpq command is lpq -P%p
printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp | lprm command is lprm -P%p %j
printing = sysv|hpux | lprm command is cancel %p-%j
printing = qnx | lprm command is cancel %p-%j
printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp | lppause command is lp -i %p-%j -H hold
printing = sysv|hpux | lppause command (...is empty)
printing = qnx | lppause command (...is empty)
printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp | lpresume command is lp -i %p-%j -H resume
printing = sysv|hpux | lpresume command (...is empty)
printing = qnx | lpresume command (...is empty)

For `printing = CUPS`, if Samba is compiled against libcups, it uses the CUPS API to submit jobs. (It is a good idea also to set printcap = cups in case your `cupsd.conf` is set to write its autogenerated printcap file to an unusual place). Otherwise, Samba maps to the System V printing commands with the -oraw option for printing; that is, it uses lp -c -d%p -oraw; rm %s. With `printing = cups`, and if Samba is compiled against libcups, any manually set print command will be ignored!

#### Custom Print Commands

After a print job has finished spooling to a service, the print command will be used by Samba via a system() call to process the spool file. Usually the command specified will submit the spool file to the host's printing subsystem. But there is no requirement at all that this must be the case. The print subsystem may not remove the spool file on its own, so whatever command you specify, you should ensure that the spool file is deleted after it has been processed.

There is no difficulty with using your own customized print commands with the traditional printing systems. However, if you do not wish to roll your own, you should be well informed about the default built-in commands that Samba uses for each printing subsystem (see Default Printing Settings). In all the commands listed in the last paragraphs, you see parameters of the form %X. These are macros, or shortcuts, used as placeholders for the names of real objects. At the time of running a command with such a placeholder, Samba will insert the appropriate value automatically. Print commands can handle all Samba macro substitutions. In regard to printing, the following ones do have special relevance:

- `%s, %f` the path to the spool file name.

- `%p` the appropriate printer name.

- `%J` the job name as transmitted by the client.

- `%c` the number of printed pages of the spooled job (if known).

- `%z` the size of the spooled print job (in bytes).

The print command must contain at least one occurrence of `%s` or `%f`. The `%p` is optional. If no printer name is supplied, the `%p` will be silently removed from the print command. In this case, the job is sent to the default printer.

If specified in the `[global]` section, the print command given will be used for any printable service that does not have its own print command specified. If there is neither a specified print command for a printable service nor a global print command, spool files will be created but not processed! Most importantly, print files will not be removed, so they will consume disk space.

Printing may fail on some UNIX systems when using the nobody account. If this happens, create an alternative guest account and give it the privilege to print. Set up this guest account in the `[global]` section with the `guest account` parameter.

You can form quite complex print commands. You need to realize that print commands are just passed to a UNIX shell. The shell is able to expand the included environment variables as usual. (The syntax to include a UNIX environment variable `$variable` in the Samba print command is `%$variable`.) To give you a working print command example, the following will log a print job to `/tmp/print.log`, print the file, then remove it. The semicolon (“;” is the usual separator for commands in shell scripts:

`print command = echo Printing %s >> /tmp/print.log; lpr -P %p %s; rm %s`

You may have to vary your own command considerably from this example depending on how you normally print files on your system. The default for the print command parameter varies depending on the setting of the printing parameter. Another example is:

`print command = /usr/local/samba/bin/myprintscript %p %s`

## Printing Developments Since Samba-2.2

Prior to Samba-2.2.x, print server support for Windows clients was limited to LanMan printing calls. This is the same protocol level as Windows 9x/Me PCs offer when they share printers. Beginning with the 2.2.0 release, Samba started to support the native Windows NT printing mechanisms. These are implemented via MS-RPC (Remote Procedure Calls). MS-RPCs use the SPOOLSS named pipe for all printing.

The additional functionality provided by the new SPOOLSS support includes:

- Support for downloading printer driver files to Windows 95/98/NT/2000 clients upon demand (Point'n'Print).

- Uploading of printer drivers via the Windows NT Add Printer Wizard (APW) or the Imprints tool set.

- Support for the native MS-RPC printing calls such as StartDocPrinter, EnumJobs(), and so on. (See the MSDN documentation for more information on the Win32 printing API).

- Support for NT Access Control Lists (ACL) on printer objects.

- Improved support for printer queue manipulation through the use of internal databases for spooled job information (implemented by various `*.tdb` files).

A benefit of updating is that Samba-3 is able to publish its printers to Active Directory (or LDAP).

A fundamental difference exists between MS Windows NT print servers and Samba operation. Windows NT permits the installation of local printers that are not shared. This is an artifact of the fact that any Windows NT machine (server or client) may be used by a user as a workstation. Samba will publish all printers that are made available, either by default or by specific declaration via printer-specific shares.

Windows NT/200x/XP Professional clients do not have to use the standard SMB printer share; they can print directly to any printer on another Windows NT host using MS-RPC. This, of course, assumes that the client has the necessary privileges on the remote host that serves the printer resource. The default permissions assigned by Windows NT to a printer gives the print permissions to the well-known Everyone group. (The older clients of type Windows 9x/Me can only print to shared printers.)

### Point'n'Print Client Drivers on Samba Servers

There is much confusion about what all this means. The question is often asked, “Is it or is it not necessary for printer drivers to be installed on a Samba host in order to support printing from Windows clients?” The answer to this is no, it is not necessary.

Windows NT/2000 clients can, of course, also run their APW to install drivers locally (which then connect to a Samba-served print queue). This is the same method used by Windows 9x/Me clients. (However, a bug existed in Samba 2.2.0 that made Windows NT/2000 clients require that the Samba server possess a valid driver for the printer. This was fixed in Samba 2.2.1).

But it is a new capability to install the printer drivers into the `[print$]` share of the Samba server, and a big convenience, too. Then all clients (including 95/98/ME) get the driver installed when they first connect to this printer share. The uploading or depositing of the driver into this `[print$]` share and the following binding of this driver to an existing Samba printer share can be achieved by different means:

- Running the APW on an NT/200x/XP Professional client (this does not work from 95/98/ME clients).

- Using the Imprints toolset.

- Using the smbclient and rpcclient command-line tools.

- Using cupsaddsmb (only works for the CUPS printing system, not for LPR/LPD, LPRng, and so on).

Samba does not use these uploaded drivers in any way to process spooled files. These drivers are utilized entirely by the clients who download and install them via the “Point'n'Print” mechanism supported by Samba. The clients use these drivers to generate print files in the format the printer (or the UNIX print system) requires. Print files received by Samba are handed over to the UNIX printing system, which is responsible for all further processing, as needed.

### The Obsoleted [printer$] Section

Versions of Samba prior to 2.2 made it possible to use a share named `[printer$]`. This name was taken from the same named service created by Windows 9x/Me clients when a printer was shared by them. Windows 9x/Me printer servers always have a `[printer$]` service that provides read-only access (with no password required) to support printer driver downloads. However, Samba's initial implementation allowed for a parameter named `printer driver location` to be used on a per-share basis. This specified the location of the driver files associated with that printer. Another parameter named `printer driver` provided a means of defining the printer driver name to be sent to the client.

These parameters, including the `printer driver file` parameter, are now removed and cannot be used in installations of Samba-3. The share name `[print$]` is now used for the location of downloadable printer drivers. It is taken from the `[print$]` service created by Windows NT PCs when a printer is shared by them. Windows NT print servers always have a `[print$]` service that provides read-write access (in the context of its ACLs) to support printer driver downloads and uploads. This does not mean Windows 9x/Me clients are now thrown aside. They can use Samba's `[print$]` share support just fine.

### Creating the [print$] Share

In order to support the uploading and downloading of printer driver files, you must first configure a file share named `[print$]`. The public name of this share is hard coded in the MS Windows clients. It cannot be renamed, since Windows clients are programmed to search for a service of exactly this name if they want to retrieve printer driver files.

You should modify the server's file to add the global parameters and create the `[print$]` file share (of course, some of the parameter values, such as path, are arbitrary and should be replaced with appropriate values for your site). See [print\$] Example.

Example 21.3. [print$] Example

`[global]`
# members of the ntadmin group should be able to add drivers and set
# printer properties. root is implicitly always a 'printer admin'.
`printer admin = @ntadmin`
# ...
`[printers]`
# ...
`[print$]`
`comment = Printer Driver Download Area`
`path = /etc/samba/drivers`
`browseable = yes`
`guest ok = yes`
`read only = yes`
`write list = @ntadmin, root`

Of course, you also need to ensure that the directory named by the path parameter exists on the UNIX file system.

### [print$] Stanza Parameters

The `[print$]` is a special section in `smb.conf`. It contains settings relevant to potential printer driver download and is used by Windows clients for local print driver installation. The following parameters are frequently needed in this share section:

comment = Printer Driver Download Area

  The comment appears next to the share name if it is listed in a share list (usually Windows clients will not see it, but it will also appear up in a smbclient -L sambaserver output).

path = /etc/samba/printers

  The path to the location of the Windows driver file deposit from the UNIX point of view.

browseable = no

  Makes the `[print$]` share invisible to clients from the Network Neighborhood. By excuting from a cmd shell:

      C:\>  net use g:\\sambaserver\print$

  you can still mount it from any client. This can also be done from the Connect network drive menu> from Windows Explorer.

guest ok = yes

  Gives read-only access to this share for all guest users. Access may be granted to download and install printer drivers on clients. The requirement for `guest ok = yes` depends on how your site is configured. If users will be guaranteed to have an account on the Samba host, then this is a non-issue.

  ### Note

  If all your Windows NT users are guaranteed to be authenticated by the Samba server (for example, if Samba authenticates via an NT domain server and the user has already been validated by the domain controller in order to log on to the Windows NT session), then guest access is not necessary. Of course, in a workgroup environment where you just want to print without worrying about silly accounts and security, then configure the share for guest access. You should consider adding map to guest = Bad User in the `[global]` section as well. Make sure you understand what this parameter does before using it.

read only = yes

  Because we do not want everybody to upload driver files (or even change driver settings), we tagged this share as not writable.

write list = @ntadmin, root

  The `[print$]` was made read-only by the previous setting so we should create a `write list` entry also. UNIX groups are denoted with a leading “@” character. Users listed here are allowed write-access (as an exception to the general public's read-only access), which they need to update files on the share. Normally, you will want to name only administrative-level user account in this setting. Check the file system permissions to make sure these accounts can copy files to the share. If this is a non-root account, then the account should also be mentioned in the global printer admin parameter. See the `smb.conf` man page for more information on configuring file shares.

### The [print$] Share Directory

In order for a Windows NT print server to support the downloading of driver files by multiple client architectures, you must create several subdirectories within the `[print$]` service (i.e., the UNIX directory named by the path parameter). These correspond to each of the supported client architectures. Samba follows this model as well. Just like the name of the `[print$]` share itself, the subdirectories must be exactly the names listed below (you may leave out the subdirectories of architectures you do not need to support).

Therefore, create a directory tree below the `[print$]` share for each architecture you wish to support like this:

    [print$]--+
              |--W32X86           # serves drivers to Windows NT x86
              |--WIN40            # serves drivers to Windows 95/98
              |--W32ALPHA         # serves drivers to Windows NT Alpha_AXP
              |--W32MIPS          # serves drivers to Windows NT R4000
              |--W32PPC           # serves drivers to Windows NT PowerPC

### Required Permissions

In order to add a new driver to your Samba host, one of two conditions must hold true:

- The account used to connect to the Samba host must have a UID of 0 (i.e., a root account).

- The account used to connect to the Samba host must be named in the printer admin list.

Of course, the connected account must still have write access to add files to the subdirectories beneath `[print$]`. Remember that all file shares are set to “read-only” by default.

Once you have created the required `[print$]` service and associated subdirectories, go to a Windows NT 4.0/200x/XP client workstation. Open Network Neighborhood or My Network Places and browse for the Samba host. Once you have located the server, navigate to its Printers and Faxes folder. You should see an initial listing of printers that matches the printer shares defined on your Samba host.

## Installing Drivers into [print$]

Have you successfully created the `[print$]` share in `smb.conf`, and have you forced Samba to reread its `smb.conf` file? Good. But you are not yet ready to use the new facility. The client driver files need to be installed into this share. So far, it is still an empty share. Unfortunately, it is not enough to just copy the driver files over. They need to be correctly installed so that appropriate records for each driver will exist in the Samba internal databases so it can provide the correct drivers as they are requested from MS Windows clients. And that is a bit tricky, to say the least. We now discuss two alternative ways to install the drivers into `[print$]`:

- Using the Samba command-line utility rpcclient with its various subcommands (here, adddriver and setdriver) from any UNIX workstation.

- Running a GUI (Printer Properties and Add Printer Wizard) from any Windows NT/200x/XP client workstation.

The latter option is probably the easier one (even if the process may seem a little bit weird at first).

### Add Printer Wizard Driver Installation

The printers initially listed in the Samba host's Printers folder accessed from a client's Explorer will have no real printer driver assigned to them. By default this driver name is set to a null string. This must be changed now. The local Add Printer Wizard (APW), run from NT/2000/XP clients, will help us in this task.

Installation of a valid printer driver is not straightforward. You must attempt to view the printer properties for the printer to which you want the driver assigned. Open Windows Explorer, open Network Neighborhood, browse to the Samba host, open Samba's Printers folder, right-click on the printer icon, and select Properties.... You are now trying to view printer and driver properties for a queue that has this default `NULL` driver assigned. This will result in the following error message: “ Device settings cannot be displayed. The driver for the specified printer is not installed, only spooler properties will be displayed. Do you want to install the driver now?”

Do not click on Yes! Instead, click on No in the error dialog. Now you will be presented with the printer properties window. From here, the way to assign a driver to a printer is open. You now have the choice of:

- Select a driver from the pop-up list of installed drivers. Initially this list will be empty.

- Click on New Driver to install a new printer driver (which will start up the APW).

Once the APW is started, the procedure is exactly the same as the one you are familiar with in Windows (we assume here that you are familiar with the printer driver installations procedure on Windows NT). Make sure your connection is, in fact, set up as a user with printer admin privileges (if in doubt, use smbstatus to check for this). If you wish to install printer drivers for client operating systems other than Windows NT x86, you will need to use the Sharing tab of the printer properties dialog.

Assuming you have connected with an administrative (or root) account (as named by the printer admin parameter), you will also be able to modify other printer properties such as ACLs and default device settings using this dialog. For the default device settings, please consider the advice given further in Installing Print Drivers Using rpcclient.

### Installing Print Drivers Using rpcclient

The second way to install printer drivers into `[print$]` and set them up in a valid way is to do it from the UNIX command line. This involves four distinct steps:

1. Gather information about required driver files and collect the files.

2. Deposit the driver files into the `[print$]` share's correct subdirectories (possibly by using smbclient).

3. Run the rpcclient command-line utility once with the adddriver subcommand.

4. Run rpcclient a second time with the setdriver subcommand.

We provide detailed hints for each of these steps in the paragraphs that follow.

#### Identifying Driver Files

To find out about the driver files, you have two options. You can check the contents of the driver CDROM that came with your printer. Study the `*.inf` files located on the CD-ROM. This may not be possible, since the `*.inf` file might be missing. Unfortunately, vendors have now started to use their own installation programs. These installations packages are often in some Windows platform archive format. Additionally, the files may be re-named during the installation process. This makes it extremely difficult to identify the driver files required.

Then you have the second option. Install the driver locally on a Windows client and investigate which filenames and paths it uses after they are installed. (You need to repeat this procedure for every client platform you want to support. We show it here for the W32X86 platform only, a name used by Microsoft for all Windows NT/200x/XP clients.)

A good method to recognize the driver files is to print the test page from the driver's Properties dialog (General tab). Then look at the list of driver files named on the printout. You'll need to recognize what Windows (and Samba) are calling the Driver File, Data File, Config File, Help File, and (optionally) Dependent Driver Files (this may vary slightly for Windows NT). You need to note all filenames for the next steps.

Another method to quickly test the driver filenames and related paths is provided by the rpcclient utility. Run it with enumdrivers or with the getdriver subcommand, each at the `3` info level. In the following example, TURBO_XP is the name of the Windows PC (in this case it was a Windows XP Professional laptop). I installed the driver locally to TURBO_XP from a Samba server called `KDE-BITSHOP`. We could run an interactive rpcclient session; then we would get an rpcclient /> prompt and would type the subcommands at this prompt. This is left as a good exercise for you. For now, we use rpcclient with the `-c` parameter to execute a single subcommand line and exit again. This is the method you use if you want to create scripts to automate the procedure for a large number of printers and drivers. Note the different quotation marks used to overcome the different spaces between words:

    root# rpcclient -U'Danka%xxxx' -c \
    	'getdriver "Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)" 3' TURBO_XP
    cmd = getdriver "Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)" 3

    [Windows NT x86]
    Printer Driver Info 3:
      Version: [2]
      Driver Name: [Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)]
      Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
      Driver Path: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01_de.DLL]
      Datafile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.ppd]
      Configfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01U_de.DLL]
      Helpfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01U_de.HLP]

      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.DLL]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.INI]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.dat]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.cat]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.def]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.hre]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.vnd]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.hlp]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01Aux.dll]
      Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01_de.NTF]

      Monitorname: []
      Defaultdatatype: []

You may notice that this driver has quite a large number of Dependent files (there are worse cases, however). Also, strangely, the Driver File is tagged here Driver Path. We do not yet have support for the so-called WIN40 architecture installed. This name is used by Microsoft for the Windows 9x/Me platforms. If we want to support these, we need to install the Windows 9x/Me driver files in addition to those for W32X86 (i.e., the Windows NT 2000/XP clients) onto a Windows PC. This PC can also host the Windows 9x/Me drivers, even if it runs on Windows NT, 2000, or XP.

Since the `[print$]` share is usually accessible through the Network Neighborhood, you can also use the UNC notation from Windows Explorer to poke at it. The Windows 9x/Me driver files will end up in subdirectory `0` of the `WIN40` directory. The full path to access them is `\\WINDOWSHOST\print$\WIN40\0\`.

### Note

More recent drivers on Windows 2000 and Windows XP are installed into the “3” subdirectory instead of the “2”. The version 2 of drivers, as used in Windows NT, were running in kernel mode. Windows 2000 changed this. While it still can use the kernel mode drivers (if this is enabled by the Admin), its native mode for printer drivers is user mode execution. This requires drivers designed for this purpose. These types of drivers install into the “3” subdirectory.

#### Obtaining Driver Files from Windows Client [print$] Shares

Now we need to collect all the driver files we identified in our previous step. Where do we get them from? Well, why not retrieve them from the very PC and the same `[print$]` share that we investigated in our last step to identify the files? We can use smbclient to do this. We will use the paths and names that were leaked to us by getdriver. The listing is edited to include line breaks for readability:

    root# smbclient //TURBO_XP/print\$ -U'Danka%xxxx' \
       -c 'cd W32X86/2;mget HD*_de.* hd*ppd Hd*_de.* Hddm*dll HDN*Aux.DLL'

    added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
    Got a positive name query response from 10.160.50.8 ( 10.160.50.8 )
    Domain=[DEVELOPMENT] OS=[Windows 5.1] Server=[Windows 2000 LAN Manager]
    Get file Hddm91c1_de.ABD? n
    Get file Hddm91c1_de.def? y
    getting file \W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.def of size 428 as Hddm91c1_de.def
    Get file Hddm91c1_de.DLL? y
    getting file \W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.DLL of size 876544 as Hddm91c1_de.DLL
    [...]

After this command is complete, the files are in our current local directory. You probably have noticed that this time we passed several commands to the `-c` parameter, separated by semicolons. This ensures that all commands are executed in sequence on the remote Windows server before smbclient exits again.

Remember to repeat the procedure for the WIN40 architecture should you need to support Windows 9x/Me/XP clients. Remember too, the files for these architectures are in the `WIN40/0/` subdirectory. Once this is complete, we can run smbclient. . .put to store the collected files on the Samba server's `[print$]` share.

#### Installing Driver Files into [print$]

We are now going to locate the driver files into the `[print$]` share. Remember, the UNIX path to this share has been defined previously in your `smb.conf` file. You also have created subdirectories for the different Windows client types you want to support. If, for example, your `[print$]` share maps to the UNIX path `/etc/samba/drivers/`, your driver files should now go here:

- For all Windows NT, 2000, and XP clients, `/etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/` but not (yet) into the `2` subdirectory.

- For all Windows 95, 98, and Me clients, `/etc/samba/drivers/WIN40/` but not (yet) into the `0` subdirectory.

We again use smbclient to transfer the driver files across the network. We specify the same files and paths as were leaked to us by running getdriver against the original Windows install. However, now we are going to store the files into a Samba/UNIX print server's `[print$]` share.

    root# smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -U'root%xxxx' -c \
      'cd W32X86; put HDNIS01_de.DLL; \
      put Hddm91c1_de.ppd; put HDNIS01U_de.DLL;        \
      put HDNIS01U_de.HLP; put Hddm91c1_de.DLL;        \
      put Hddm91c1_de.INI; put Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL;      \
      put Hddm91c1_de.dat; put Hddm91c1_de.dat;        \
      put Hddm91c1_de.def; put Hddm91c1_de.hre;        \
      put Hddm91c1_de.vnd; put Hddm91c1_de.hlp;        \
      put Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP; put HDNIS01Aux.dll;     \
      put HDNIS01_de.NTF'

    added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
    Got a positive name query response from 10.160.51.162 ( 10.160.51.162 )
    Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
    putting file HDNIS01_de.DLL as \W32X86\HDNIS01_de.DLL
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.ppd as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.ppd
    putting file HDNIS01U_de.DLL as \W32X86\HDNIS01U_de.DLL
    putting file HDNIS01U_de.HLP as \W32X86\HDNIS01U_de.HLP
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.DLL as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.DLL
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.INI as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.INI
    putting file Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL as \W32X86\Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.dat as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.dat
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.dat as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.dat
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.def as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.def
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.hre as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.hre
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.vnd as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.vnd
    putting file Hddm91c1_de.hlp as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.hlp
    putting file Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP
    putting file HDNIS01Aux.dll as \W32X86\HDNIS01Aux.dll
    putting file HDNIS01_de.NTF as \W32X86\HDNIS01_de.NTF

Whew that was a lot of typing! Most drivers are a lot smaller many have only three generic PostScript driver files plus one PPD. While we did retrieve the files from the `2` subdirectory of the `W32X86` directory from the Windows box, we do not put them (for now) in this same subdirectory of the Samba box. This relocation will automatically be done by the adddriver command, which we will run shortly (and do not forget to also put the files for the Windows 9x/Me architecture into the `WIN40/` subdirectory should you need them).

#### smbclient to Confirm Driver Installation

For now we verify that our files are there. This can be done with smbclient, too (but, of course, you can log in via SSH also and do this through a standard UNIX shell access):

    root# smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -U 'root%xxxx' \
    	-c 'cd W32X86; pwd; dir; cd 2; pwd; dir'
     added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
    Got a positive name query response from 10.160.51.162 ( 10.160.51.162 )
    Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.8a]

    Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\
    .                                  D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
    ..                                 D        0  Thu Apr 10 23:47:40 2003
    2                                   D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:18 2003
    HDNIS01Aux.dll                      A    15356  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL                   A    46966  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    HDNIS01_de.DLL                      A   434400  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    HDNIS01_de.NTF                      A   790404  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
    Hddm91c1_de.DLL                     A   876544  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1_de.INI                     A      101  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1_de.dat                     A     5044  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1_de.def                     A      428  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1_de.hlp                     A    37699  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1_de.hre                     A   323584  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1_de.ppd                     A    26373  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1_de.vnd                     A    45056  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    HDNIS01U_de.DLL                     A   165888  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    HDNIS01U_de.HLP                     A    19770  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
    Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP                 A   228417  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
                  40976 blocks of size 262144. 709 blocks available

    Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\2\
    .                                  D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:18 2003
    ..                                 D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
    ADOBEPS5.DLL                        A   434400  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
    laserjet4.ppd                       A     9639  Thu Apr 24 01:05:32 2003
    ADOBEPSU.DLL                        A   109568  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
    ADOBEPSU.HLP                        A    18082  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
    PDFcreator2.PPD                     A    15746  Sun Apr 20 22:24:07 2003
                  40976 blocks of size 262144. 709 blocks available

Notice that there are already driver files present in the `2` subdirectory (probably from a previous installation). Once the files for the new driver are there too, you are still a few steps away from being able to use them on the clients. The only thing you could do now is retrieve them from a client just like you retrieve ordinary files from a file share, by opening print$ in Windows Explorer. But that wouldn't install them per Point'n'Print. The reason is that Samba does not yet know that these files are something special, namely printer driver files, and it does not know to which print queue(s) these driver files belong.

#### Running rpcclient with adddriver

Next, you must tell Samba about the special category of the files you just uploaded into the `[print$]` share. This is done by the adddriver command. It will prompt Samba to register the driver files into its internal TDB database files. The following command and its output has been edited for readability:

    root# rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86" \
      "dm9110:HDNIS01_de.DLL: \
      Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:HDNIS01U_de.HLP:   \
      NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,          \
      Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,   \
      Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL, \
      HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,                     \
      Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP' SAMBA-CUPS

    cmd = adddriver "Windows NT x86" \
      "dm9110:HDNIS01_de.DLL:Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:   \
      HDNIS01U_de.HLP:NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI, \
      Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,          \
      Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL,        \
      HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP"

    Printer Driver dm9110 successfully installed.

After this step, the driver should be recognized by Samba on the print server. You need to be very careful when typing the command. Don't exchange the order of the fields. Some changes would lead to an `NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL` error message. These become obvious. Other changes might install the driver files successfully but render the driver unworkable. So take care! Hints about the syntax of the adddriver command are in the man page. provides a more detailed description, should you need it.

#### Checking adddriver Completion

One indication for Samba's recognition of the files as driver files is the `successfully installed` message. Another one is the fact that our files have been moved by the adddriver command into the `2` subdirectory. You can check this again with smbclient:

    root# smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -Uroot%xx \
    	-c 'cd W32X86;dir;pwd;cd 2;dir;pwd'
     added interface ip=10.160.51.162 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
     Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]

      Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\
      .                                  D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
      ..                                 D        0  Thu Apr 10 23:47:40 2003
      2                                   D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
                    40976 blocks of size 262144. 731 blocks available

      Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\2\
      .                                  D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
      ..                                 D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
      DigiMaster.PPD                      A   148336  Thu Apr 24 01:07:00 2003
      ADOBEPS5.DLL                        A   434400  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
      laserjet4.ppd                       A     9639  Thu Apr 24 01:05:32 2003
      ADOBEPSU.DLL                        A   109568  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
      ADOBEPSU.HLP                        A    18082  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
      PDFcreator2.PPD                     A    15746  Sun Apr 20 22:24:07 2003
      HDNIS01Aux.dll                      A    15356  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL                   A    46966  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      HDNIS01_de.DLL                      A   434400  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      HDNIS01_de.NTF                      A   790404  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de.DLL                     A   876544  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de.INI                     A      101  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de.dat                     A     5044  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de.def                     A      428  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de.hlp                     A    37699  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de.hre                     A   323584  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de.ppd                     A    26373  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de.vnd                     A    45056  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      HDNIS01U_de.DLL                     A   165888  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      HDNIS01U_de.HLP                     A    19770  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
      Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP                 A   228417  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
                    40976 blocks of size 262144. 731 blocks available

Another verification is that the timestamp of the printing TDB files is now updated (and possibly their file size has increased).

#### Check Samba for Driver Recognition

Now the driver should be registered with Samba. We can easily verify this and will do so in a moment. However, this driver is not yet associated with a particular printer. We may check the driver status of the files by at least three methods:

- From any Windows client browse Network Neighborhood, find the Samba host, and open the Samba Printers and Faxes folder. Select any printer icon, right-click and select the printer Properties. Click the Advanced tab. Here is a field indicating the driver for that printer. A drop-down menu allows you to change that driver (be careful not to do this unwittingly). You can use this list to view all drivers known to Samba. Your new one should be among them. (Each type of client will see only its own architecture's list. If you do not have every driver installed for each platform, the list will differ if you look at it from Windows95/98/ME or Windows NT/2000/XP.)

- From a Windows 200x/XP client (not Windows NT) browse Network Neighborhood, search for the Samba server, open the server's Printers folder, and right-click on the white background (with no printer highlighted). Select Server Properties. On the Drivers tab you will see the new driver listed. This view enables you to also inspect the list of files belonging to that driver (this does not work on Windows NT, but only on Windows 2000 and Windows XP; Windows NT does not provide the Drivers tab). An alternative and much quicker method for Windows 2000/XP to start this dialog is by typing into a DOS box (you must of course adapt the name to your Samba server instead of `SAMBA-CUPS`):

      	rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /s /t2 /n\\SAMBA-CUPS

- From a UNIX prompt, run this command (or a variant thereof), where `SAMBA-CUPS` is the name of the Samba host and xxxx represents the actual Samba password assigned to root:

      	rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'enumdrivers' SAMBA-CUPS

  You will see a listing of all drivers Samba knows about. Your new one should be among them. But it is only listed under the `[Windows NT x86]` heading, not under `[Windows 4.0]`, since you didn't install that part. Or did you? In our example it is named `dm9110`. Note that the third column shows the other installed drivers twice, one time for each supported architecture. Our new driver only shows up for Windows NT 4.0 or 2000. To have it present for Windows 95, 98, and Me, you'll have to repeat the whole procedure with the WIN40 architecture and subdirectory.

#### Specific Driver Name Flexibility

You can name the driver as you like. If you repeat the adddriver step with the same files as before but with a different driver name, it will work the same:

    root# rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx         \
      -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86"                     \
      "mydrivername:HDNIS01_de.DLL:              \
      Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:HDNIS01U_de.HLP:   \
      NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,          \
      Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,   \
      Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL, \
      HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP' SAMBA-CUPS

    cmd = adddriver "Windows NT x86" \
     "mydrivername:HDNIS01_de.DLL:Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:\
      HDNIS01U_de.HLP:NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,           \
      Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,                    \
      Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL,                  \
      HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP"

    Printer Driver mydrivername successfully installed.

You will be able to bind that driver to any print queue (however, you are responsible that you associate drivers to queues that make sense with respect to target printers). You cannot run the rpcclient adddriver command repeatedly. Each run consumes the files you had put into the `[print$]` share by moving them into the respective subdirectories, so you must execute an smbclient ... put command before each rpcclient ... adddriver command.

#### Running rpcclient with setdriver

Samba needs to know which printer owns which driver. Create a mapping of the driver to a printer, and store this information in Samba's memory, the TDB files. The rpcclient setdriver command achieves exactly this:

    root# rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'setdriver dm9110 mydrivername' SAMBA-CUPS
     cmd = setdriver dm9110 mydrivername

    Successfully set dm9110 to driver mydrivername.

Ah, no, I did not want to do that. Repeat, this time with the name I intended:

    root# rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'setdriver dm9110 dm9110' SAMBA-CUPS
     cmd = setdriver dm9110 dm9110
    Successfully set dm9110 to driver dm9110.

The syntax of the command is:

    rpcclient -U'root%sambapassword' -c 'setdriver printername \
     drivername' SAMBA-Hostname.

Now we have done most of the work, but not all of it.

### Note

The setdriver command will only succeed if the printer is already known to Samba. A bug in 2.2.x prevented Samba from recognizing freshly installed printers. You had to restart Samba, or at least send an HUP signal to all running smbd processes to work around this: `kill -HUP `pidof smbd``.

## Client Driver Installation Procedure

As Don Quixote said, “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” The proof for our setup lies in the printing. So let's install the printer driver onto the client PCs. This is not as straightforward as it may seem. Read on.

### First Client Driver Installation

Especially important is the installation onto the first client PC (for each architectural platform separately). Once this is done correctly, all further clients are easy to set up and shouldn't need further attention. What follows is a description for the recommended first procedure. You now work from a client workstation. You should check that your connection is not unwittingly mapped to bad user nobody. In a DOS box type:

`net use \\`SAMBA-SERVER`\print$ /user:root`

Replace root, if needed, by another valid printer admin user as given in the definition. Should you already be connected as a different user, you will get an error message. There is no easy way to get rid of that connection, because Windows does not seem to know a concept of logging off from a share connection (do not confuse this with logging off from the local workstation; that is a different matter). On Windows NT/200x, you can force a logoff from all smb/cifs connections by restarting the workstation service. You can try to close all Windows file explorers and Internet Explorer for Windows. As a last resort, you may have to reboot. Make sure there is no automatic reconnection set up. It may be easier to go to a different workstation and try from there. After you have made sure you are connected as a printer admin user (you can check this with the smbstatus command on Samba), do this from the Windows workstation:

1. Open Network Neighborhood.

2. Browse to Samba server.

3. Open its Printers and Faxes folder.

4. Highlight and right-click on the printer.

5. Select Connect (for Windows NT4/200x it is possibly Install).

A new printer (named `printername` on Samba server) should now have appeared in your local Printer folder (check Start -> Settings -> Control Panel -> Printers and Faxes).

Most likely you are tempted to try to print a test page. After all, you now can open the printer properties, and on the General tab there is a button offering to do just that. But chances are that you get an error message saying "`Unable to print Test Page`." The reason might be that there is not yet a valid device mode set for the driver or that the “printer driver data” set is still incomplete.

You must make sure that a valid `device mode` is set for the driver. We now explain what that means.

### Setting Device Modes on New Printers

For a printer to be truly usable by a Windows NT/200x/XP client, it must possess:

- A valid device mode generated by the driver for the printer (defining things like paper size, orientation and duplex settings).

- A complete set of printer driver data generated by the driver.

If either of these is incomplete, the clients can produce less than optimal output at best. In the worst cases, unreadable garbage or nothing at all comes from the printer, or it produces a harvest of error messages when attempting to print. Samba stores the named values and all printing-related information in its internal TDB database files `(ntprinters.tdb`, `ntdrivers.tdb`, `printing.tdb`, and `ntforms.tdb`).

The device mode and the set of printer driver data are basically collections of settings for all print queue properties, initialized in a sensible way. Device modes and printer driver data should initially be set on the print server (the Samba host) to healthy values so the clients can start to use them immediately. How do we set these initial healthy values? This can be achieved by accessing the drivers remotely from an NT (or 200x/XP) client, as discussed in the following paragraphs.

Be aware that a valid device mode can only be initiated by a printer admin or root (the reason should be obvious). Device modes can be correctly set only by executing the printer driver program itself. Since Samba cannot execute this Win32 platform driver code, it sets this field initially to NULL (which is not a valid setting for clients to use). Fortunately, most drivers automatically generate the printer driver data that is needed when they are uploaded to the `[print$]` share with the help of the APW or rpcclient.

The generation and setting of a first valid device mode, however, requires some tickling from a client to set it on the Samba server. The easiest means of doing so is to simply change the page orientation on the server's printer. This executes enough of the printer driver program on the client for the desired effect to happen and feeds back the new device mode to our Samba server. You can use the native Windows NT/200x/XP printer properties page from a Window client for this:

Procedure 21.1. Procedure to Initialize the Printer Driver Settings

1. Browse the Network Neighborhood.

2. Find the Samba server.

3. Open the Samba server's Printers and Faxes folder.

4. Highlight the shared printer in question.

5. Right-click on the printer (you may already be here if you followed the last section's description).

6. At the bottom of the context menu select Properties (if the menu still offers the Connect entry further above, you need to click on that one first to achieve the driver installation, as shown in the last section).

7. Go to the Advanced tab; click on Printing Defaults.

8. Change the Portrait page setting to Landscape (and back).

9. Make sure to apply changes between swapping the page orientation to cause the change to actually take effect.

10. While you are at it, you may also want to set the desired printing defaults here, which then apply to all future client driver installations.

This procedure executes the printer driver program on the client platform and feeds back the correct device mode to Samba, which now stores it in its TDB files. Once the driver is installed on the client, you can follow the analogous steps by accessing the local Printers folder, too, if you are a Samba printer admin user. From now on, printing should work as expected.

Samba includes a service-level parameter name `default devmode` for generating a default device mode for a printer. Some drivers function well with Samba's default set of properties. Others may crash the client's spooler service. So use this parameter with caution. It is always better to have the client generate a valid device mode for the printer and store it on the server for you.

### Additional Client Driver Installation

Every additional driver may be installed in the same way as just described. Browse Network Neighborhood, open the Printers folder on Samba server, right-click on Printer, and choose Connect.... Once this completes (should be not more than a few seconds, but could also take a minute, depending on network conditions), you should find the new printer in your client workstation local Printers and Faxes folder.

You can also open your local Printers and Faxes folder by using this command on Windows 200x/XP Professional workstations:

    rundll32 shell32.dll,SHHelpShortcuts_RunDLL PrintersFolder

or this command on Windows NT 4.0 workstations:

    rundll32 shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL MAIN.CPL @2

You can enter the commands either inside a DOS box window or in the Run command... field from the Start menu.

### Always Make First Client Connection as root or “printer admin”

After you installed the driver on the Samba server (in its `[print$]` share), you should always make sure that your first client installation completes correctly. Make it a habit for yourself to build the very first connection from a client as printer admin. This is to make sure that:

- A first valid device mode is really initialized (see above Setting Device Modes on New Printers) for more explanation details).

- The default print settings of your printer for all further client installations are as you want them.

Do this by changing the orientation to landscape, click on Apply, and then change it back again. Next, modify the other settings (for example, you do not want the default media size set to Letter when you are all using A4, right? You may want to set the printer for duplex as the default, and so on).

To connect as root to a Samba printer, try this command from a Windows 200x/XP DOS box command prompt:

    C:\> runas /netonly /user:root "rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t3 /n
    	\\SAMBA-SERVER\printername"

You will be prompted for `root`'s Samba password; type it, wait a few seconds, click on Printing Defaults, and proceed to set the job options that should be used as defaults by all clients. Alternatively, instead of root you can name one other member of the printer admin from the setting.

Now all the other users downloading and installing the driver the same way (using `Point'n'Print`) will have the same defaults set for them. If you miss this step, you'll get a lot of help desk calls from your users, but maybe you like to talk to people.

## Other Gotchas

Your driver is installed. It is now ready for Point'n'Print installation by the clients. You may have tried to download and use it on your first client machine, but wait. Let's make sure you are acquainted first with a few tips and tricks you may find useful. For example, suppose you did not set the defaults on the printer, as advised in the preceding paragraphs. Your users complain about various issues (such as, “We need to set the paper size for each job from Letter to A4 and it will not store it”).

### Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers

The last sentence might be viewed with mixed feelings by some users and Admins. They have struggled for hours and could not arrive at a point where their settings seemed to be saved. It is not their fault. The confusing thing is that in the multitabbed dialog that pops up when you right-click on the printer name and select Properties, you can arrive at two dialogs that appear identical, each claiming that they help you to set printer options in three different ways. Here is the definitive answer to the Samba default driver setting FAQ:

“I can not set and save default print options for all users on Windows 200x/XP. Why not?”. How are you doing it? I bet the wrong way. (It is not easy to find out, though.) There are three different ways to bring you to a dialog that seems to set everything. All three dialogs look the same, but only one of them does what you intend. You need to be Administrator or Print Administrator to do this for all users. Here is how I reproduce it in an XP Professional:

1. The first “wrong” way:

   1. Open the Printers folder.

   2. Right-click on the printer (remoteprinter on cupshost) and select in context menu Printing Preferences....

   3. Look at this dialog closely and remember what it looks like.

2. The second “wrong” way:

   1. Open the Printers folder.

   2. Right-click on the printer (remoteprinter on cupshost) and select in the context menu Properties

   3. Click on the General tab.

   4. Click on the Printing Preferences... button.

   5. A new dialog opens. Keep this dialog open and go back to the parent dialog.

3. The third and correct way (should you do this from the beginning, just carry out steps 1 and 2 from the second method above):

   1. Click on the Advanced tab. (If everything is “grayed out,” then you are not logged in as a user with enough privileges.)

   2. Click on the Printing Defaults button.

   3. On any of the two new tabs, click on the Advanced button.

   4. A new dialog opens. Compare this one to the other. Are they identical when you compare one from “B.5” and one from A.3?

Do you see any difference in the two settings dialogs? I do not either. However, only the last one, which you arrived at with steps C.1 through C.6 will permanently save any settings which will then become the defaults for new users. If you want all clients to have the same defaults, you need to conduct these steps as administrator (printer admin) before a client downloads the driver (the clients can later set their own per-user defaults by following procedures A or B above). Windows 200x/XP allow per-user default settings and the ones the administrator gives them before they set up their own. The parents of the identical-looking dialogs have a slight difference in their window names; one is called `Default Print Values for Printer Foo on Server Bar` (which is the one you need) and the other is called “`Print Settings for Printer Foo on Server Bar`”. The last one is the one you arrive at when you right-click on the printer and select Print Settings.... This is the one that you were taught to use back in the days of Windows NT, so it is only natural to try the same way with Windows 200x/XP. You would not dream that there is now a different path to arrive at an identical-looking, but functionally different, dialog to set defaults for all users.

### Tip

Try (on Windows 200x/XP) to run this command (as a user with the right privileges):

`rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t3 /n\\`SAMBA-SERVER`\`printersharename``

To see the tab with the Printing Defaults button (the one you need), also run this command:

`rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t0 /n\\`SAMBA-SERVER`\`printersharename``

To see the tab with the Printing Preferences button (the one that does not set systemwide defaults), you can start the commands from inside a DOS box or from Start -> Run.

### Supporting Large Numbers of Printers

One issue that has arisen during the recent development phase of Samba is the need to support driver downloads for hundreds of printers. Using Windows NT APW for this task is somewhat awkward (to say the least). If you do not want to acquire RSS pains from the printer installation clicking orgy alone, you need to think about a non-interactive script.

If more than one printer is using the same driver, the rpcclient setdriver command can be used to set the driver associated with an installed queue. If the driver is uploaded to `[print$]` once and registered with the printing TDBs, it can be used by multiple print queues. In this case, you just need to repeat the setprinter subcommand of rpcclient for every queue (without the need to conduct the adddriver repeatedly). The following is an example of how this can be accomplished:

    root# rpcclient SAMBA-CUPS -U root%secret -c 'enumdrivers'
     cmd = enumdrivers

     [Windows NT x86]
     Printer Driver Info 1:
       Driver Name: [infotec  IS 2075 PCL 6]

     Printer Driver Info 1:
       Driver Name: [DANKA InfoStream]

     Printer Driver Info 1:
       Driver Name: [Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)]

     Printer Driver Info 1:
       Driver Name: [dm9110]

     Printer Driver Info 1:
       Driver Name: [mydrivername]

     [....]

    root# rpcclient SAMBA-CUPS -U root%secret -c 'enumprinters'
     cmd = enumprinters
       flags:[0x800000]
       name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
       description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,,110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
       comment:[110 ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
     [....]

    root# rpcclient SAMBA-CUPS -U root%secret -c \
      'setdriver dm9110 "Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)"'
     cmd = setdriver dm9110 Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PPD)
     Successfully set dm9110 to driver Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS).

    root# rpcclient SAMBA-CUPS -U root%secret -c 'enumprinters'
     cmd = enumprinters
       flags:[0x800000]
       name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
       description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS),\
         110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
       comment:[110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
     [....]

    root# rpcclient SAMBA-CUPS -U root%secret -c 'setdriver dm9110 mydrivername'
     cmd = setdriver dm9110 mydrivername
     Successfully set dm9110 to mydrivername.

    root# rpcclient SAMBA-CUPS -U root%secret -c 'enumprinters'
     cmd = enumprinters
       flags:[0x800000]
       name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
       description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,mydrivername,\
         110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
       comment:[110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
     [....]

It may not be easy to recognize that the first call to enumprinters showed the “dm9110” printer with an empty string where the driver should have been listed (between the two commas in the description field). After the setdriver command succeeds, all is well.

### Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW

By default, Samba exhibits all printer shares defined in `smb.conf` in the Printers folder. Also located in this folder is the Windows NT Add Printer Wizard icon. The APW will be shown only if:

- The connected user is able to successfully execute an OpenPrinterEx(\\server) with administrative privileges (i.e., root or printer admin).

  ### Tip

  Try this from a Windows 200x/XP DOS box command prompt:

  `runas /netonly /user:root rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t0 /n \\`SAMBA-SERVER`\`printersharename``

  Click on Printing Preferences.

- ... contains the setting show add printer wizard = yes (the default).

The APW can do various things:

- Upload a new driver to the Samba `[print$]` share.

- Associate an uploaded driver with an existing (but still driverless) print queue.

- Exchange the currently used driver for an existing print queue with one that has been uploaded before.

- Add an entirely new printer to the Samba host (only in conjunction with a working add printer command. A corresponding delete printer command for removing entries from the Printers folder may also be provided).

The last one (add a new printer) requires more effort than the previous ones. To use the APW to successfully add a printer to a Samba server, the add printer command must have a defined value. The program hook must successfully add the printer to the UNIX print system (i.e., to `/etc/printcap`, `/etc/cups/printers.conf` or other appropriate files) and to `smb.conf` if necessary.

When using the APW from a client, if the named printer share does not exist, smbd will execute the add printer command and reparse to attempt to locate the new printer share. If the share is still not defined, an error of "Access Denied" is returned to the client. The add printer command is executed under the context of the connected user, not necessarily a root account. A map to guest = bad user may have connected you unwittingly under the wrong privilege. You should check it by using the smbstatus command.

### Error Message: “Cannot connect under a different Name”

Once you are connected with the wrong credentials, there is no means to reverse the situation other than to close all Explorer windows, and perhaps reboot.

- The net use \\SAMBA-SERVER\sharename /user:root gives you an error message: “Multiple connections to a server or a shared resource by the same user utilizing several user names are not allowed. Disconnect all previous connections to the server, esp. the shared resource, and try again.”

- Every attempt to “connect a network drive” to `\\SAMBASERVER\\print$` to `z:` is countered by the pertinacious message: “This network folder is currently connected under different credentials (username and password). Disconnect first any existing connection to this network share in order to connect again under a different username and password”.

So you close all connections. You try again. You get the same message. You check from the Samba side, using smbstatus. Yes, there are more connections. You kill them all. The client still gives you the same error message. You watch the smbd.log file on a high debug level and try reconnect. Same error message, but not a single line in the log. You start to wonder if there was a connection attempt at all. You run ethereal and tcpdump while you try to connect. Result: not a single byte goes on the wire. Windows still gives the error message. You close all Explorer windows and start it again. You try to connect and this times it works! Windows seems to cache connection information somewhere and does not keep it up to date (if you are unlucky, you might need to reboot to get rid of the error message).

The easiest way to forcefully terminate all connections from your client to a server is by executing:

    C:\>  net use * /delete

This will also disconnect all mapped drives and will allow you create fresh connection as required.

### Take Care When Assembling Driver Files

You need to be extremely careful when you take notes about the files belonging to a particular driver. Don't confuse the files for driver version “0” (for Windows 9x/Me, going into `[print$]/WIN/0/`), driver version `2` (kernel mode driver for Windows NT, going into `[print$]/W32X86/2/`; may be used on Windows 200x/XP also), and driver version “3” (non-kernel mode driver going into `[print$]/W32X86/3/`; cannot be used on Windows NT). Quite often these different driver versions contain files that have the same name but actually are very different. If you look at them from the Windows Explorer (they reside in `%WINDOWS%\system32\spool\drivers\W32X86\`), you will probably see names in capital letters, while an enumdrivers command from Samba would show mixed or lowercase letters, so it is easy to confuse them. If you install them manually using rpcclient and subcommands, you may even succeed without an error message. Only later, when you try install on a client, you will encounter error messages like `This server has no appropriate driver for the printer`.

Here is an example. You are invited to look closely at the various files, compare their names and their spelling, and discover the differences in the composition of the version 2 and 3 sets. Note: the version 0 set contained 40 `Dependentfiles`, so I left it out for space reasons:

    root# rpcclient -U 'Administrator%secret' -c 'enumdrivers 3' 10.160.50.8

     Printer Driver Info 3:
             Version: [3]
             Driver Name: [Canon iR8500 PS3]
             Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
             Driver Path: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3g.dll]
             Datafile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\iR8500sg.xpd]
             Configfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3gui.dll]
             Helpfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3g.hlp]

             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aucplmNT.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\ucs32p.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\tnl32.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aussdrv.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cnspdc.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aussapi.dat]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3407.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\CnS3G.cnt]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\NBAPI.DLL]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\NBIPC.DLL]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcview.exe]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcdspl.exe]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcedit.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcqm.exe]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcspl.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cfine32.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcr407.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\Cpcqm407.hlp]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcqm407.cnt]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3ggr.dll]

             Monitorname: []
             Defaultdatatype: []

     Printer Driver Info 3:
             Version: [2]
             Driver Name: [Canon iR5000-6000 PS3]
             Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
             Driver Path: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3g.dll]
             Datafile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\IR5000sg.xpd]
             Configfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3gui.dll]
             Helpfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3g.hlp]

             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\AUCPLMNT.DLL]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\aussdrv.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cnspdc.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\aussapi.dat]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3407.dll]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\CnS3G.cnt]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\NBAPI.DLL]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\NBIPC.DLL]
             Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3gum.dll]

             Monitorname: [CPCA Language Monitor2]
             Defaultdatatype: []

If we write the “version 2” files and the “version 3” files into different text files and compare the result, we see this picture:

    root# sdiff 2-files 3-files

     cns3g.dll                     cns3g.dll
     iR8500sg.xpd                  iR8500sg.xpd
     cns3gui.dll                   cns3gui.dll
     cns3g.hlp                     cns3g.hlp
     AUCPLMNT.DLL                | aucplmNT.dll
                                 > ucs32p.dll
                                 > tnl32.dll
     aussdrv.dll                   aussdrv.dll
     cnspdc.dll                    cnspdc.dll
     aussapi.dat                   aussapi.dat
     cns3407.dll                   cns3407.dll
     CnS3G.cnt                     CnS3G.cnt
     NBAPI.DLL                     NBAPI.DLL
     NBIPC.DLL                     NBIPC.DLL
     cns3gum.dll                 | cpcview.exe
                                 > cpcdspl.exe
                                 > cpcqm.exe
                                 > cpcspl.dll
                                 > cfine32.dll
                                 > cpcr407.dll
                                 > Cpcqm407.hlp
                                 > cpcqm407.cnt
                                 > cns3ggr.dll

Do not be fooled! Driver files for each version with identical names may be different in their content, as you can see from this size comparison:

    root# for i in cns3g.hlp cns3gui.dll cns3g.dll; do                  \
               smbclient //10.160.50.8/print\$ -U 'Administrator%xxxx' \
               -c "cd W32X86/3; dir $i; cd .. ; cd 2; dir $i";      \
    		   done

      CNS3G.HLP               A   122981  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
      CNS3G.HLP               A    99948  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002

      CNS3GUI.DLL             A  1805824  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
      CNS3GUI.DLL             A  1785344  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002

      CNS3G.DLL               A  1145088  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
      CNS3G.DLL               A    15872  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002

In my example were even more differences than shown here. Conclusion: you must be careful to select the correct driver files for each driver version. Don't rely on the names alone, and don't interchange files belonging to different driver versions.

### Samba and Printer Ports

Windows NT/2000 print servers associate a port with each printer. These normally take the form of `LPT1:`, `COM1:`, `FILE:`, and so on. Samba must also support the concept of ports associated with a printer. By default, only one printer port, named “Samba Printer Port”, exists on a system. Samba does not really need such a “port” in order to print; rather it is a requirement of Windows clients. They insist on being told about an available port when they request this information; otherwise, they throw an error message at you. So Samba fakes the port information to keep the Windows clients happy.

Samba does not support the concept of `Printer Pooling` internally either. Printer pooling assigns a logical printer to multiple ports as a form of load balancing or failover.

If you require multiple ports to be defined for some reason or another (my users and my boss should not know that they are working with Samba), configure the enumports command, which can be used to define an external program that generates a listing of ports on a system.

### Avoiding Common Client Driver Misconfiguration

So now the printing works, but there are still problems. Most jobs print well, some do not print at all. Some jobs have problems with fonts, which do not look good. Some jobs print fast and some are dead-slow. We cannot cover it all, but we want to encourage you to read the brief paragraph about “Avoiding the Wrong PostScript Driver Settings” in CUPS Printing Chapter, Avoiding Critical PostScript Driver Settings on the Client.

## The Imprints Toolset

The Imprints tool set provides a UNIX equivalent of the Windows NT APW. For complete information, please refer to the Imprints Web site as well as the documentation included with the Imprints source distribution. This section provides only a brief introduction to the features of Imprints.

Unfortunately, the Imprints toolset is no longer maintained. As of December 2000, the project is in need of a new maintainer. The most important skill to have is Perl coding and an interest in MS-RPC-based printing used in Samba. If you wish to volunteer, please coordinate your efforts on the Samba technical mailing list. The toolset is still in usable form, but only for a series of older printer models where there are prepared packages to use. Packages for more up-to-date print devices are needed if Imprints should have a future. Information regarding the Imprints toolset can be obtained from the Imprints home page.

### What Is Imprints?

Imprints is a collection of tools for supporting these goals:

- Providing a central repository of information regarding Windows NT and 95/98 printer driver packages.

- Providing the tools necessary for creating the Imprints printer driver packages.

- Providing an installation client that will obtain printer drivers from a central Internet (or intranet) Imprints Server repository and install them on remote Samba and Windows NT4 print servers.

### Creating Printer Driver Packages

The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond the scope of this document (refer to Imprints.txt, included with the Samba distribution for more information). In short, an Imprints driver package is a gzipped tarball containing the driver files, related INF files, and a control file needed by the installation client.

### The Imprints Server

The Imprints server is really a database server that may be queried via standard HTTP mechanisms. Each printer entry in the database has an associated URL for the actual downloading of the package. Each package is digitally signed via GnuPG, which can be used to verify that the package downloaded is actually the one referred in the Imprints database. It is strongly recommended that this security check not be disabled.

### The Installation Client

More information regarding the Imprints installation client is available from the documentation file `Imprints-Client-HOWTO.ps` that is included with the Imprints source package. The Imprints installation client comes in two forms:

- A set of command-line Perl scripts.

- A GTK+-based graphical interface to the command-line Perl scripts.

The installation client (in both forms) provides a means of querying the Imprints database server for a matching list of known printer model names as well as a means to download and install the drivers on remote Samba and Windows NT print servers.

The basic installation process is in four steps, and Perl code is wrapped around smbclient and rpcclient.

- For each supported architecture for a given driver:

  1. rpcclient: Get the appropriate upload directory on the remote server.

  2. smbclient: Upload the driver files.

  3. rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterDriver() MS-RPC.

- rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterEx() MS-RPC to actually create the printer.

One of the problems encountered when implementing the Imprints tool set was the namespace issues between various supported client architectures. For example, Windows NT includes a driver named “Apple LaserWriter II NTX v51.8”, and Windows 95 calls its version of this driver “Apple LaserWriter II NTX”.

The problem is how to know what client drivers have been uploaded for a printer. An astute reader will remember that the Windows NT Printer Properties dialog only includes space for one printer driver name. A quick look in the Windows NT 4.0 system registry at:

`HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environment`

will reveal that Windows NT always uses the NT driver name. This is okay because Windows NT always requires that at least the Windows NT version of the printer driver is present. Samba does not have the requirement internally; therefore, “How can you use the NT driver name if it has not already been installed?”

The way of sidestepping this limitation is to require that all Imprints printer driver packages include both the Intel Windows NT and 95/98 printer drivers and that the NT driver is installed first.

## Adding Network Printers without User Interaction

The following MS Knowledge Base article may be of some help if you need to handle Windows 2000 clients: How to Add Printers with No User Interaction in Windows 2000, (Microsoft KB 189105). It also applies to Windows XP Professional clients. The ideas sketched out in this section are inspired by this article, which describes a command-line method that can be applied to install network and local printers and their drivers. This is most useful if integrated in Logon Scripts. You can see what options are available by typing in the command prompt (DOS box):

`rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /?`

A window pops up that shows you all of the command-line switches available. An extensive list of examples is also provided. This is only for Windows 200x/XP; it does not work on Windows NT. Windows NT probably has some other tools in the respective Resource Kit. Here is a suggestion about what a client logon script might contain, with a short explanation of what the lines actually do (it works if 200x/XP Windows clients access printers via Samba, and works for Windows-based print servers too):

    rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /dn /n "\\cupsserver\infotec2105-IPDS" /q
    rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n "\\cupsserver\infotec2105-PS"
    rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /y /n "\\cupsserver\infotec2105-PS"

Here is a list of the used command-line parameters:

/dn

  deletes a network printer.

/q

  quiet modus.

/n

  names a printer.

/in

  adds a network printer connection.

/y

  sets printer as default printer.

- Line 1 deletes a possibly existing previous network printer infotec2105-IPDS (which had used native Windows drivers with LPRng that were removed from the server that was converted to CUPS). The /q at the end prevents confirm or error dialog boxes from popping up. They should not be presented to the user logging on.

- Line 2 adds the new printer infotec2105-PS (which actually is the same physical device but is now run by the new CUPS printing system and associated with the CUPS/Adobe PS drivers). The printer and its driver must have been added to Samba prior to the user logging in (e.g., by a procedure as discussed earlier in this chapter or by running cupsaddsmb). The driver is now autodownloaded to the client PC where the user is about to log in.

- Line 3 sets the default printer to this new network printer (there might be several other printers installed with this same method, and some may be local as well, so we decide for a default printer). The default printer selection may, of course, be different for different users.

The second line only works if the printer infotec2105-PS has an already working print queue on the `cupsserver` and if the printer drivers have been successfully uploaded (via the APW, smbclient/rpcclient, or cupsaddsmb) into the `[print$]` driver repository of Samba. Some Samba versions prior to version 3.0 required a restart of smbd after the printer install and the driver upload; otherwise the script (or any other client driver download) would fail.

Since there is no easy way to test for the existence of an installed network printer from the logon script, do not bother checking. Just allow the de-installation/re-installation to occur every time a user logs in; it's really quick anyway (1 to 2 seconds).

The additional benefits for this are:

- It puts in place any printer default setup changes automatically at every user logon.

- It allows for “roaming” users' login to the domain from different workstations.

Since network printers are installed per user, this much simplifies the process of keeping the installation up to date. The few extra seconds at logon time will not really be noticeable. Printers can be centrally added, changed, and deleted at will on the server with no user intervention required from the clients (you just need to keep the logon scripts up to date).

## The addprinter Command

The addprinter command can be configured to be a shell script or program executed by Samba. It is triggered by running the APW from a client against the Samba print server. The APW asks the user to fill in several fields (such as printer name, driver to be used, comment, port monitor, and so on). These parameters are passed on to Samba by the APW. If the addprinter command is designed in a way that it can create a new printer (through writing correct printcap entries on legacy systems or by executing the lpadmin command on more modern systems) and create the associated share, then the APW will in effect really create a new printer on Samba and the UNIX print subsystem!

## Migration of Classical Printing to Samba

The basic NT-style printer driver management has not changed considerably in 3.0 over the 2.2.x releases (apart from many small improvements). Here migration should be quite easy, especially if you followed previous advice to stop using deprecated parameters in your setup. For migrations from an existing 2.0.x setup, or if you continued Windows 9x/Me-style printing in your Samba 2.2 installations, it is more of an effort. Please read the appropriate release notes and the HOWTO Collection for Samba-2.2.x. You can follow several paths. Here are possible scenarios for migration:

- You need to study and apply the new Windows NT printer and driver support. Previously used parameters `printer driver file`, `printer driver`, and `printer driver location` are no longer supported.

- If you want to take advantage of Windows NT printer driver support, you also need to migrate the Windows 9x/Me drivers to the new setup.

- An existing `printers.def` file (the one specified in the now removed parameter `printer driver file`) will no longer work with Samba-3. In 3.0, smbd attempts to locate Windows 9x/Me driver files for the printer in `[print$]` and additional settings in the TDB and only there; if it fails, it will not (as 2.2.x used to do) drop down to using a `printers.def` (and all associated parameters). The make_printerdef tool is removed and there is no backward compatibility for this.

- You need to install a Windows 9x/Me driver into the `[print$]` share for a printer on your Samba host. The driver files will be stored in the “WIN40/0” subdirectory of `[print$]`, and some other settings and information go into the printing-related TDBs.

- If you want to migrate an existing `printers.def` file into the new setup, the only current solution is to use the Windows NT APW to install the NT drivers and the 9x/Me drivers. This can be scripted using smbclient and rpcclient. See the Imprints installation client on the Imprints web site for example. See also the discussion of rpcclient usage in CUPS Printing.

## Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP

This topic has also been addressed in Remote and Local Management The Net Command. If you wish to volunteer your services to help document this further, please contact John H. Terpstra.

## Common Errors

### I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access

Do not confuse the root password, which is valid for the UNIX system (and in most cases stored in the form of a one-way hash in a file named `/etc/shadow`), with the password used to authenticate against Samba. Samba does not know the UNIX password. Root access to Samba resources requires that a Samba account for root must first be created. This is done with the smbpasswd command as follows:

    root#  smbpasswd -a root
    New SMB password: secret
    Retype new SMB password: secret

### My Print Jobs Get Spooled into the Spooling Directory, but Then Get Lost

Do not use the existing UNIX print system spool directory for the Samba spool directory. It may seem convenient and a savings of space, but it only leads to problems. The two must be separate. The UNIX/Linux system print spool directory (e.g., `/var/spool/cups`) is typically owned by a non-privileged user such as `cups` or `lp`. Additionally. the permissions on the spool directory are typically restrictive to the owner and/or group. On the other hand, the Samba spool directory must be world writable, and should have the 't' bit set to ensure that only a temporary spool file owner can change or delete the file.

Depending on the type of print spooling system in use on the UNIX/Linux host, files that the spool management application finds and that are not currently part of job queue that it is managing can be deleted. This may explain the observation that jobs are spooled (by Samba) into this directory and just disappear.

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